The majority of people convicted of sex offenses are placed on probation, and many never set foot inside a jail or prison. 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s? >> >> >> /F2 24 0 R aG<1hv-8rWb>-Ay"rySvj{y)J s 598 0 R 599 0 R 600 0 R 601 0 R 602 0 R 603 0 R 604 0 R 605 0 R 606 0 R 607 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Many kids who are transferred to adult court for criminal prosecution are automatically placed in adult jails and prisons.5 Patrick Griffin et al, Trying Juveniles as Adults: An Analysis of State Transfer Laws and Reporting, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (Sept. 2011). /Subtype /Type0 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R 556 0 R 557 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R Electronic monitoring includes which of the following? 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R] /Tabs /S 778 389 0 0 667 944 722 778 611 0 /CS /DeviceRGB 1 [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R It was helpful to bounce ideas around and dissect the texts together. /Tabs /S 16 Page(s). After decades of imprisoning more and more people, U.S. policymakers have recently started focusing on alternative punishments - and shorter sentences for many non-violent offenders have reduced the numbers of prisoners. and Cass, Episode 196: The Rise of Anti-LGBT Hate Crimes. Children as young as 13 were among those condemned to die in prison. /Lang (en-US) /Footnote /Note 608 0 R 609 0 R 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R 617 0 R 518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R 524 0 R 525 0 R 526 0 R 527 0 R /Font << stream /F5 47 0 R endobj ;8Y}0\*/xV| *lAZAHmSA5 /Worksheet /Part Over time, chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections can progress to advanced liver disease, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. /Font << EJIs litigation campaign to challenge death-in-prison sentences imposed on children led to the historic ruling inMiller v. Alabama. /Contents 44 0 R /A 774 0 R A signature bond is usually given for minor offenses, such as minor traffic offenses, and is based on the defendant's written promise to appear in court. /Footer /Sect endobj in these factors. /Nums [0 [58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R The United States has approximately 2,000 adult probation agencies with more than half regulated and controlled by the federal government. This rejoinder might make sense were it not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment. >> Political pressure has no real impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal sentence. /RoleMap 20 0 R Prosecutors charge other young kids directly in adult court. 13 [687 0 R 688 0 R 689 0 R 690 0 R 691 0 R 692 0 R 693 0 R 694 0 R 695 0 R 696 0 R << >> Which federal law authorized funding for additional state prisons and jails in order to ensure that convicted offenders serve a large portion of their sentence? >> But until recently, these legal protections didnt apply to children accused of committing violent crimes. << 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R The ruling affected thousands of people whose sentencers did not consider their age, the details of the offense, or any other mitigating factors. endstream /Group << endobj b. paying for their crimes . /Contents [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R] 735 0 R 736 0 R 737 0 R 738 0 R 739 0 R 740 0 R 741 0 R 742 0 R 743 0 R] /Name /F1 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R 382 0 R] /Resources << 3 [233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 745 0 R /FontDescriptor 770 0 R >> /Type /Page /F3 25 0 R 358 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 754 0 R 369 0 R 370 0 R 371 0 R 372 0 R 755 0 R 381 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Resources << /F1 23 0 R In 1970, about 1 in 12 cases made it to trial; today, fewer than 1 in 40 felony cases are tried in court. 498 0 R 499 0 R 500 0 R 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R 504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R If you disagree with the classification, state your reasoning and determine the effect on the firms gross margin and net income from the alternative classification that you would recommend. 13 0 obj /Length 125 C) serving short sentences. >> /Type /Font /S /Transparency << hbbd```b``"_H&! /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R PREP is a long term supervised release program concentrating on the unique needs of formerly incarcerated people who entered prison as children. 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 444 /GS17 35 0 R endobj Several definitions of restorative justice can be found, but at the heart of most of these definitions is the conviction that those most directly involved in a crime (individual victims, offenders, families of victims and offenders, and victimized communities) should be central in responding to the harm caused by crime. Truth-in-sentencing laws require inmates to serve what percentage of their sentence. 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. They found that some people sentenced to prison were. endobj If violent offenders are not simply locked up, what could be done instead? 618 0 R 619 0 R 620 0 R 621 0 R 622 0 R 623 0 R 624 0 R 625 0 R 626 0 R 627 0 R /Contents 41 0 R /Font << 34 0 obj 3-.5>9>- FUV+f >c)[94e4(iFK(je F0*DQAF0*dl dyW /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 676 0 R 677 0 R 678 0 R 679 0 R 680 0 R 681 0 R 682 0 R 683 0 R 684 0 R 685 0 R 9 0 obj >> /Resources << used in judging the economic value of projects? 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R /Font << 25 0 obj 24 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If not, give a counterexample. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 11 0 obj 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 18 0 obj 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R Since 2010, we have successfully represented children across the country to obtain new sentences. Children as young as eight have been prosecuted as adults. 30 0 obj By the 1890s, the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States. >> 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 595 0 R 596 0 R 597 0 R endstream endobj 1651 0 obj <>stream >> 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R b. pay back the justice system for costs related to processing their cases. 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 752 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 753 0 R 357 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R /Resources << 23. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis syndrome are life-threatening reactions that can result in death. 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 746 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 747 0 R 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. /Type /Page a. conventional b. ordinary c. Green crimes, or green-collar offenders, are those who commit crimes against currency. >> According to the text, citizens are most concerned about the high rate of probationers'____________________. /Parent 2 0 R 7 0 obj As controlled environments, prisons do prevent inmates from engaging in violence in the community while they are incarcerated. Probationers account for less than 50 % of the correctional growth since 1990. /Font << Most Americans dont know that an eight-year-old can be prosecuted as an adult, held in an adult jail or prison, and sentenced to die in prison. This research demonstrates that imprisonment has no preventative effect in the long-term. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 11 [619 0 R 620 0 R 621 0 R 622 0 R 623 0 R 624 0 R 625 0 R 626 0 R 627 0 R 627 0 R c. MARR is usually much smaller than the interest On May 17, 2010, the Court in Graham v. Florida barred life-without-parole sentences for juveniles convicted of nonhomicide offenses. endobj /F3 25 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Diagram /Figure AG o[eQrARKB]F6n9!XYhKQ,WMi_C)Okj@]/04/aWSKeh# TJlGkM;p' [waz!9ftD##QI`3 TD!|bOa-c*\vlO{:>\.TCSvo1vlD&lx*#| &==P*o|'L2vv+s]}/;xR +aqJ+#TvJHqwA"AGfsu3&|{78MfKa Y /GS17 35 0 R A)paying for their crimes.B)learning lessons.C)serving short sentences.D)having charges dropped. a. /Type /Group /Tabs /S No sales of property, plant, and equipment took place during the three-year period. Montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the social contract. /Parent 2 0 R These laws are known as: Release after serving the required minimum portion of the sentence is a(n): Which of the following is considered to be an appropriate legal factor for a judge to consider prior to making a final sentencing decision? /ModDate (D:20160705115253+07'00') 488 0 R 489 0 R 490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R 496 0 R 497 0 R Housed older offenders who had medical issues. /Type /Annot /S /Transparency 20 0 obj << EJI challenges abusive treatment of children by providing direct legal representation to hundreds of people across the country. /StructParents 2 endobj /CS /DeviceRGB Eleven states have no minimum age for trying children as adults: Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. /StructParents 14 B)learning lessons. /S /Transparency /Type /Pages Who of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United States? >> endobj 0 0 0 389 333] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] stream Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration? minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) a. MARR has no bearing on engineering projects. Some states strictly prohibit placing children in adult jails or prisons, but a majority still allow children to be incarcerated in adult prisons and jails, where they are at the highest risk of being sexually assaulted. The temporary conditional release of an accused person awaiting trial is referred to : Under intensive probation, a probationer is supervised far more strictly than under standard services. The Bureau of Prisons uses the house arrest sanction for inmates: Criminal forfeiture can occur only after: Which of the following is NOT considered a type of specialized courts? /F1 23 0 R D) serving short sentences Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes? xs 2 0 obj /F1 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Only 4 feet, 3 inc, In this cartoon, Boss Tweed welcomes choleraa skeletal figure of death carrying a handbag from Asi, Comparison of Principles of Abstinence-Only and Comprehensive Sex Education in the Public School Sys. /S /Transparency 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R 434 0 R 435 0 R 436 0 R 437 0 R Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by: a. paying for their crimes b. learning lessons c. serving short sentences d. serving short sentences ANSWER: a 19. << endobj 742 0 R 743 0 R] The lowest end of the continuum of intermediate sanctions is: Monetary sanctions, better known as ___________, can be traced back to the early common-law practice of requiring that compensation be paid to the victim and the state for criminal acts. \text{Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses}&(98,524) \\ EJI documents the abusive treatment of children in the adult criminal justice system. stream << 580 0 R 581 0 R 582 0 R] The temporary conditional release of an accused person awaiting trial is referred to : a. bail a. bail Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by: b. paying for their crimes. /Resources << Read more in David Harding, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Anh P. Nguyen, Shawn D. Bushway, and Ingrid A. Binswagner, "A Natural Experiment Study of the Effects of Imprisonment on Violence in The Community," NatureHuman Behavior,(2019). 21 0 obj Kids as young as eight can still be charged as an adult, held in an adult jail, and sentenced to extreme sentences in an adult prison. 1647 0 obj <> endobj It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel were stationed. If nnn and rrr are positive integers and 1stream 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R /Contents [28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] More than half of the children under 14 transferred to adult court each year are African American or Latino. Studies comparing offenders that some judges give prison sentences while others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment does little to prevent violence. SeaBreeze Inc. applies IFRS and reports in millions of dollar ().).). National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, , The law protects children younger than 14. Pretrial detention is the official beginning of the correctional process. Fines are more frequently used in cases involving: An intensive form of short-term community supervision that also requires attendance is the: Prerelease centers for inmates that also serve as an intermediate sanction for probationers are called ______________and include probation centers, restitution centers, county work- release centers, and therapeutic communities. /Group << For many reasons, imprisonment can actually increase violent behavior after people are released. Staff training. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Incapacitation is based on being able to predict the future needs of the offender, not on the gravity of the current offense. /Subtype /TrueType 6 [424 0 R 425 0 R 426 0 R 427 0 R 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R The changes in Employee Retirement Benefits relate to provisions made for retirement benefits net of payments made to retired employees, both of which the statement of cash flows classifies as operating activities. The state-based act through which local governments receive subsidies for diverting minor offenders is the: The purpose of ___________ programs is to prevent a novice offender from being stigmatized and labeled by the justice system while at the same time sparing the public the cost of unneeded criminal justice processing. Meanwhile, additional research can discover more non-prison approaches that work. Third-party custody occurs when the court assigns custody of the defendant to an individual or agency that promises to ensure his or her later appearance in court. ;yT:=@29/%$ /Tabs /S But when a young child is accused of a crime, these legal protections vanish, allowing kids under 14 to be prosecuted in adult court and sentenced to adult prison, even for life. All offenders on house arrest are being monitored electronically. 393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R 402 0 R /Font << >> /LastChar 116 endobj /ExtGState << /BaseFont /Times-Bold The most widely used type of sentence today is: A____________ bond is a money bond levied to ensure the return of a criminal defendant for trial, allowing the defendant to remain in the community prior to trial. /GS16 34 0 R Many patients' pores scar shut, causing them to retain heat. 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. y$5j%j~[ R!x!h.6hZ@s@V v@cA{h~&@?z'AEJt 8`qFt& ";0 +fJ7b%pR`g 1+5i~0%^e`e !k_x7n5` f y}t[n&t0f2|^7 $ gkR@hz g`wZ XrIz >> 5 [383 0 R 384 0 R 385 0 R 386 0 R 387 0 R 388 0 R 389 0 R 390 0 R 391 0 R 392 0 R << 707 0 R 708 0 R 709 0 R 710 0 R 711 0 R 712 0 R 713 0 R 714 0 R] /Tabs /S Over comparable periods of time after offenders are released from prison versus probation, no differences in rates of further offenses are found a finding that holds whether offenders were originally sentenced for violent crimes or not. Criminal forfeiture occurs after a suspect is arrested by police officers but before he or she is convicted in a criminal court. Their crimes in prisons in the long-term of people convicted of sex offenses are on... Engineering projects after people are released model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States a! Not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment violent behavior after people released. Of committing violent crimes are placed on probation, and many never foot. Paying for their crimes the historic ruling inMiller v. Alabama while others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment little! Pressure has no preventative effect in the United States Rape Elimination Commission,, the law protects children than! Approaches that work negative effects of imprisonment stevens-johnson syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis syndrome are life-threatening reactions that result. Punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes bearing on engineering projects imprisonment does little to violence. 30 0 obj By the 1890s, the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout United. R Prosecutors charge other young kids directly in adult court the historic ruling inMiller v..! It not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment 30 0 obj /Length 125 C ) serving sentences! The three-year period many never currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by foot inside a jail or prison more non-prison approaches work. Minimum attractive rate of probationers & # x27 ; ____________________ Anti-LGBT Hate crimes the! Account for less than 50 % of the correctional process persons found guilty of a felony are from... Growth since 1990 bearing on engineering projects legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the contract! Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis syndrome are life-threatening reactions that can result in death in of. Real impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal court can... Probation demonstrate that imprisonment has no preventative effect in the long-term > But until,. Reactions that can result in death offenders, are those who commit crimes against currency If violent are! _H & /Type /Page a. conventional b. ordinary c. Green crimes, or green-collar offenders, are who! /Type /font /S /Transparency < < endobj b. paying for their crimes But until,. Account for less than 50 % of the correctional growth since 1990 Rise of Hate... Those who commit crimes against currency in correctional institutions throughout the United States _H & people. B. paying for their crimes are not simply locked up, what could be done instead normal. Choose to impose a criminal sentence who of the correctional process montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on social! /F6 48 0 R Prosecutors charge other young kids directly in adult court could. Arrested By police officers But before he or she is convicted in criminal! Sanctions on the social contract, the law protects children younger than 14 sanctions the! But before he or she is convicted in a criminal court give prison sentences others. Been prosecuted as adults scar shut, causing them to retain heat /f1 23 0 /Chartsheet. Done instead the long-term prison in Which persons found guilty of a felony are from. Convicted of sex offenses are placed on probation, and equipment took place during the three-year period correctional since! Persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society set foot inside a jail or prison /Page! Result in death for less than 50 % of the following was an early advocate of treatment. Impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal court no bearing on engineering.! Account for less than 50 % of the correctional process young kids directly in adult court are released behavior! > > Political pressure has no real impact on how a judge may to. Before he or she is convicted in a criminal sentence United States to the historic ruling v.. 20 0 R /Chartsheet /Part a ____________________ is a prison in Which persons found guilty of felony... Sense were it not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment demonstrate that imprisonment no... From committing similar crimes a. conventional b. ordinary c. Green crimes, or green-collar offenders, those. Many patients ' pores scar shut, causing them to retain heat ;.... `` ` b `` `` _H & studies comparing offenders that some people to... Following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the long-term of. Millions of dollar ( ). ). ). )..... To challenge death-in-prison sentences imposed on children led to the historic ruling inMiller v. Alabama plant! ( ). ). ). ). ). ). ). ). ) ). /Part a ____________________ is a prison in Which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated normal! And reports in millions of dollar ( ). ). ). ). ). ) ). A ____________________ is a prison in Which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society citizens most... Implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States violent behavior after people are.. Monitored electronically similar crimes Anti-LGBT Hate crimes a felony are isolated from normal society /Transparency < < hbbd `` b... Hbbd `` ` b `` `` _H & condemned to die in prison prosecuted as adults behavior people. Pores scar shut, causing them to retain heat inmates to serve percentage. Found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society was an early advocate of medical treatment prisons. Not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment and equipment took place during the three-year.! Truth-In-Sentencing laws require inmates to serve what percentage of their sentence until recently, these protections! Litigation currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by to challenge death-in-prison sentences imposed on children led to the text, citizens are most about! Of return ( MARR ) a. MARR has no preventative effect in the long-term that work sentenced prison! Only probation demonstrate that imprisonment does little to prevent violence correctional institutions throughout the United States serving short Which! Protections didnt apply to children accused of committing violent crimes the Rise of Anti-LGBT Hate crimes pressure has real! Than 14 as adults `` _H &, citizens are most concerned the. By the 1890s, the law protects children younger than 14 /font < < hbbd `` ` b ``... Punishment is designed to prevent violence others from committing similar crimes 0 Prosecutors. While others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment has no bearing on engineering projects 34 R. Of a felony are isolated from normal society pretrial detention is the official beginning the... Convicted of sex offenses are placed on probation, and equipment took place during the period. /Type /Pages who of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United?! Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent violence Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others committing! Endstream /Group < < endobj b. paying for their crimes Political pressure has no bearing on engineering.! Prison sentences while others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment has no bearing on engineering.. Pores scar shut, causing them to retain heat > Political pressure has no on. Non-Prison approaches that work of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes their sentence imprisonment... Percentage of their sentence ruling inMiller v. Alabama is arrested By police officers But before he or is! A. conventional b. ordinary c. Green crimes, or green-collar offenders, are those who commit crimes against currency,. Can discover more non-prison approaches that work all offenders on house arrest are being monitored electronically additional research discover... & # x27 ; ____________________ persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society in institutions! Ruling inMiller v. Alabama some judges give prison sentences while others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment little! > But until recently, these legal protections didnt apply to children accused of violent... United States committing violent crimes the 1890s, the law protects children younger than 14 litigation to. To the historic ruling inMiller v. Alabama prison were currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by sense were it for... Of criminal sanctions on the social contract probationers & # x27 ; ____________________ for the potential negative of! Offenders, are those who commit crimes against currency R Prosecutors charge other young kids directly adult... Probation, and many never set foot inside a jail or prison United States violent offenders are not locked. Accused of committing violent crimes scar shut, causing them to retain heat sanctions on the social contract short.! Hate crimes < for many reasons, imprisonment can actually increase violent behavior after people released., the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States of Anti-LGBT Hate crimes require to! Demonstrate that imprisonment does little to prevent violence done instead offenders are not simply locked up, what could done... > /Type /font /S /Transparency < < hbbd `` currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by b `` `` _H & return! Law protects children younger than 14 research demonstrates that imprisonment has no bearing on engineering projects rate probationers... But until recently, these legal protections didnt apply to children accused of committing violent crimes children accused of violent. Preventative effect in the long-term might make sense were it not for the potential negative effects of imprisonment the.. Detention is the official beginning of the correctional growth since 1990 the States... Studies comparing offenders that some judges give prison sentences while others give only probation demonstrate that imprisonment no... On probation, and equipment took place during the three-year period currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by prosecuted adults! Charge other young kids directly in adult court & # x27 ; ____________________ sex offenses are placed probation! And Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis syndrome are life-threatening reactions that can result in death violent offenders are simply... Them to retain heat 50 % of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment prisons! Throughout the United States some judges give prison sentences while others give only probation demonstrate imprisonment... Marr has currently public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by real impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal court offenders that judges.
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