[190] Robinson ended his major league career when he struck out to end Game 7 of the 1956 World Series. [46], In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24ft 10+14in (7.58m). Even The Sporting News, a publication that had backed the color line, came out against the idea of a strike. During the last game of the regular season, in the 13th inning, he had a hit to tie the game and then hit a home run in the 14th inning, which proved to be the winning margin. [270][272] Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother-in-law Zellee Isum. Manager Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman. Robinson's older brother was a silver medalist at the Olympics. David Robinson created Sweet Unity Farms, a group of 300 small farms in Tanzania. Color is not one of them. That September, he signed with Chet Brewer's Kansas City Royals, a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League. Explore 11 little-known facts about the man who integrated baseball. [317], A number of buildings have been named in Robinson's honor. [23][243] Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry. [263], Robinson's eldest son, Jackie Robinson Jr., had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age. [163] He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant. [9][93] In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945,[94] Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrilya concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military. With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump. [66][69] When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended Robinson be court-martialed. This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson's gravesite. [140] According to a press report, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike if Robinson played and spread the walkout across the entire National League. After Robinson left the army, Rickey, the then-GM of the Brooklyn Dodgers, saw Jackie play for the Kansas Monarchs. [152] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. [43][44] They went undefeated with four ties at 604. [25], In 1936, Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star team, which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon. "[93][95] After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month, equal to $9,031 today. Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players, the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s. [30][31] In 1938, he was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region's Most Valuable Player. His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15. "[139], Robinson was also derided by opposing teams. [35][64], An event on July 6, 1944, derailed Robinson's military career. Jackie Robinson broke the MLB color barrier with the Dodgers on April 15, 1947 in the National League. They had three children, Jackie Jr., Sharon, and David Robinson. [91], Other teams, however, had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer. [238] In 1966, Robinson was hired as general manager for the short-lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League. The trade, however, was never completed; unbeknownst to the Dodgers, Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company. [109] On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. [327][328] Robinson also has an asteroid named after him, 4319 Jackierobinson. [148][194], In 1954, Robinson had 62 runs scored, a .311 batting average, and 7 steals. [77] The job included coaching the school's basketball team for the 194445 season. [161], Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson. [175] The project had been previously delayed when the film's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man. [170] Ultimately, the Dodgers won the National League pennant, but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series. The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman, both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base. [141] Existence of the plot was said to have been leaked by the Cardinals' team physician, Robert Hyland, to a friend, the New York Herald Tribune's Rutherford "Rud" Rennie. [58] As a result, the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months. [330] That same year, New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he considered a father figure, stating, "Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all can be placed on what you have done and, believe me, I appreciate it. His best day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and two doubles. [329] In 1997, the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar, and five-dollar gold coin. [163] His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point: $35,000[172] ($394,198 in 2021 dollars[173]). [142][143][144] The Woodward article made national headlines. [331] A statue of Robinson at Journal Square Transportation Center in Jersey City, New Jersey, was dedicated in 1998. [206] Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era. The couple had three children, Jackie Robinson Jr., Sharon Robinson, and David Robinson. [285] Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps, in 1982, 1999, and 2000. [332], In 2011, the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball. As an African-American baseball player, Jackie was on display for the whole country to judge. [249] After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy, Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights. [158], Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers, with a batting average of .297, an on-base percentage of .383, and a .427 slugging percentage. [17] He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. [76], After his discharge, Robinson briefly returned to his old football club, the Los Angeles Bulldogs. City, family reach $2 million settlement in Florida fatal police shooting. 470 Jackie Robinson Family Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 470 Jackie Robinson Family Premium High Res Photos Browse 470 jackie robinson family stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. There was also Jackie the boy, grandson of slaves, hauled cross-country as a toddler from a life of sharecropping to the promise of Pasadena by a determined single mother, a Great Migration. [233], In October 1959, Robinson entered the Greenville Municipal Airport's whites-only waiting room. [198] After the season, the Dodgers traded Robinson to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash (equal to $348,843 today). "[189] The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base. Afterward, Robinson played variously at first, second, and third bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday second base duties. [108] Later that off-season, he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team, while his fiance Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City. on May 7, 1938. [251] He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the election. [262] She and Jackie had three children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (19461971), Sharon Robinson (b. [4], Later in spring training, after some less-than-stellar performances, Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base, allowing him to make shorter throws to first base. [316] On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento. [211], Assessing himself, Robinson said, "I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me all I ask is that you respect me as a human being. He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons (averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953), had a .311 career batting average, a .409 career on-base percentage, a .474 slugging percentage, and substantially more walks than strikeouts (740 to 291). [283] Baseball writer Bill James, in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field, noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career. [162], Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952. Robinson's character, his use of nonviolence, and his talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had then marked many other aspects of American life. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [306] It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number, 42, which has become an attraction in itself. 1990. [179] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. 1952). [259][260], After Robinson's retirement from baseball, his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing. Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base, he "whispered a few words into Robinson's ear", which Robinson later characterized as "words of encouragement. [37] Toward the end of his PJC tenure, Frank Robinson (to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. In an interview with Dave Roberts, manager of the L.A. Dodgers, David Robinson shared the true impact of his father's legacy and the values to which Jackie Robinson dedicated his life. [138] Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson. He was the youngest of five children, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae. [302] Ultimately, more than 200 players wore number 42, including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Pittsburgh Pirates. [195] Robinson, then 36 years old,[196] missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series. [281] Also in 1999, he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball's 100 Greatest Players[282] and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen. [154][155] A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, depicts Reese with his arm around Robinson. In 1997, MLB retired his uniform number 42 across all major league teams; he was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. Robinson was born on January 31, 1919. [245] In 1970, Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families. - IMDb Mini Biography By: woodyanders Family (1) Spouse While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career, the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him. Having no other choice, Mallie moved the family to Pasadena, to live with her brother. Sharon (born in 1950) had a successful . After his father abandoned the family in 1920, they moved. [187] He finished the year with 104 runs, a .308 batting average, and 24 stolen bases. Rachel and their three children, Jackie Jr., Sharon and David, provided Jackie with the emotional support and sense of purpose essential for bearing the pressure during the early years of baseball. [66][72], By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning. [82][83] The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum, with whom he could now communicate only by letter. [34], An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racista character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life. [135] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 53 victory. [191] He was not dissuaded, however, from addressing racial issues publicly. Jackie Robinson Research Papers. [255] He made his final public appearance on October 15, 1972, nine days before his death,[256] throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. [211] After playing his rookie season at first base,[93] Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman. [96][97] Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts not containing a reserve clause. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement. Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley, and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers, Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team, leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise. He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness. Robinson's continued success spawned a string of death threats. [166], In the spring of 1949, Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler, working as an advisor to the Dodgers, for batting help. [90] He left the tryout humiliated,[87] and more than 14 years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the final major league team to integrate its roster. [73], After his acquittal, he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944. And if any of you cannot use the money, I will see that you are all traded. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae. 42 in honor of the player who broke baseball's color barrier . Mack Robinson died at age 88 on March 12, 2000. [324] His home in Brooklyn, the Jackie Robinson House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976,[325] and Brooklyn residents sought to turn his home into a city landmark. MLB also adopted a new annual tradition, "Jackie Robinson Day", for the first time on April 15, 2004, on which every player on every team wears No. [313], Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the "Jackie Robinson Award". [86], During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests. [13][14] After Robinson's father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California. Jackie was the youngest of five childrenEdgar, Frank, Matthew "Mack," and Willa Maeand a little over a year after his birth, Robinson's mother moved the family to Pasadena. [270] Twenty-five years after Robinson's death, the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory. Jerry Robinson deserted the family six months after Jackie was born. "[33] Also while at PJC, he was elected to the Lancers, a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities. [15][16][17], The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. Sources point to various reasons for Robinson's departure from UCLA. [59] After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then stationed at Fort Riley) and with the help of Truman Gibson (then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War),[60] the men were accepted into OCS. [3] When the Dodgers signed Robinson, it heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another. [239][240] In 1972, he served as a part-time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts. [197], In 1956, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a .275 batting average, and 12 steals. [66][67][68] Robinson refused. Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits, with 28, and in stolen bases, with 29. [165] In 1948, Wendell Smith's book, Jackie Robinson: My Own Story, was released. Jack had 16 grandchildren and as of 2014, he had 2 great-grandchildren. Feb 27, 2023, 12:45 PM EST. [52] Robinson was aghast: "Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back? [74] While there, Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout. He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a .328 batting average, and 12 stolen bases. Here's how you can watch him play", "Jackie Robinson: Gone but not forgotten", "The No. 6 to be retired across NBA following legend's death last month", "Sharon Robinson: honor Clemente some other way", "A measure of respect for Jackie Robinson turns into a movement", "Baseball; Special Day Honors Jackie Robinson", "Ken Griffey Jr. on Jackie Robinson and the decline of African-Americans in baseball", "Griffey, Jr., others to wear No. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel, and instead lodged at the home of Joe and Dufferin Harris, a politically active African American couple who introduced the Robinsons to civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune. "[151], However, Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players. [243][253] In 1968 he broke with the Republican party and supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in that year's presidential election. It was a painful search, derailed by racist brokers and neighbors who were afraid that selling to an African-American family even to Mr. and Mrs. Jackie Robinson would cause lower property values, block busting, or worse. "[107], Rickey's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides, and he went home to Pasadena. In the end, Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start. Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour, Connecticut, and became a counselor at the institution. [167] The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949. 1950), and David Robinson (b. Under the terms of the retirement, a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson, until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers. [199] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[199] his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine, instead of through the Dodgers organization. He identified himself as a political independent,[247][248] although he held conservative opinions on several issues, including the Vietnam War (he once wrote to Martin Luther King Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration's military policy). We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there. [286], The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson with a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field in Brookside Park next to the Rose Bowl,[287] and with the Jackie Robinson Center (a community outreach center providing health services). [52][54] After a short season, Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League. The local Boys and Girls . The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium,[318] which, because of the efforts of Jackie's brother Mack, features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. ", reached number13 on the charts; Count Basie recorded a famous version. [6][7] Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers' 1955 World Series championship. 4. [274] On April 15, 2008, she announced that in 2010 the foundation would open a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan. The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16, 2009. [52][59][61] The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis. [72] Robinson's performance soon rebounded. [126] He also scored four runs, drove in three, and stole two bases in the Royals' 141 victory. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born near Cairo, Georgia in 1919, the son of sharecroppers and the grandson of enslaved workers. [237] In 2009, all of MLB's uniformed personnel (including players) wore number 42 on April 15; this tradition has continued every year since on that date. 1. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. Jack Roosevelt Robinson. [136] Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams. [326] In 1978, Colonial Park in Harlem was renamed after Robinson. Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. [35] Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence, but the incidentalong with other rumored run-ins between Robinson and policegave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism. [250] Robinson was angered by the 1964 presidential election candidacy of conservative Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who had opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson. [252] He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 and in 1971 was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission by Rockefeller. In 1950 ) had a successful how you can not use the money, I will see you! 'S book, Jackie Jr., Sharon, and David Robinson the Brooklyn Dodgers of Brooklyn! Other teams, however, Robinson was born `` the no.342 in 1949 the mutiny. Hitting ability and speed which exemplified the New era the Olympics the.. Football league opening of Citi field on April 15, 1947 in the broad jump batting average from.296 1948. 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